Hyponatremia is low sodium concentration in the blood. Hyponatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L. Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145 mEq/liter (135 - 145 mmol/L).
Hyponatremia can be caused by:
- Burns that affect a large area of the body
- Diuretic medicines, which increase urine output
- Diarrhea
- Kidney diseases
- Heart failure
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
- Liver cirrhosis
- Vomiting
- Sweating
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
- Confusion
- Fatigue
- Convulsions
- Irritability
- Headache
- Muscle spasms or cramps
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Muscle weakness
- Restlessness
Laboratory Tests
- Urine sodium
- Urine osmolality
- Osmolality blood test
- Comprehensive metabolic panel (includes blood sodium)
Impaired Comfort: Headache related to Hyponatremia
Impaired sense of comfort: headache related to hyponatremia
Goal:
- After the act of nursing for 2x24 hours, the client will show reduced pain / missing,
- Looks calm and relaxed.
- No complaints of pain.
- Showed behavioral pain management.
Intervention:
1. Assess vital signs.
R /: To determine the general condition of the patient.
2. Observation complaints of pain, note the location and intensity (scale 0-10). Note the factors that accelerate and signs of nonverbal pain.
R /: Assist in determining the need for and effectiveness of pain management programs.
3. Use words that are consistent with the patient's age and developmental level to assess the patient's pain.
R /: To facilitate patients understand the words of the nurse, and nurse it easier to find the data of the patient.
4. Help the patient to identify the actions meet the needs of a sense of comfort that has been successfully carried out, such as distraction, relaxation or compress warm / cold
R /: Success overcome the pain that has been done can be applied back to relieve pain suffered by patients.
5. Provide a comfortable position for the patient.
R /: comfortable position can make the patient forget the pain.
6. Help the patient to focus more on activities than pain / discomfort by diverting through television, radio or visits.
R /: Provide activity in patients will help the patients to forget the pain.
7. Control of environmental factors that can affect the patient's response to discomfort (eg, room temperature, light and noise).
R /: A quiet environment will help patients to relaxation.
8. Teach management techniques of relaxation and deep breathing.
R /: Increase relaxation, reduce muscle tension.