Some of the more common causes are:
- Congestive heart failure
- Pneumonia
- Liver disease (cirrhosis)
- End-stage renal disease
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Cancer
- Pulmonary embolism
- Lupus and other autoimmune conditions
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain, especially on breathing in deeply (pleurisy, or pleuritic pain)
- Fever
- Cough
Nursing Diagnosis for Pleural Effusion : Anxiety or fear in relation to the threat of death imaginable (inability to breathe).
Goal : Patient is able to understand and accept the situation so there is no anxiety .
Outcomes:
- Able to breathe normally, able to adapt to the situation.
- Client's non-verbal response seemed more relaxed and at ease , the breath regularly with a frequency of 16-24 times per minute , pulse 80-90 times per minute.
Interventions :
1. Provide a pleasant position for the patient . Usually with a semi -Fowler.
2. Explain about the disease and diagnosis.
Rationale: The patient is able to receive and understand the circumstances that might be used in the treatment of co-operation.
3. Teach relaxation techniques.
Rationale : Reduce muscle tension and anxiety.
4. Aids in finding the source of the existing coping.
Rational Utilization of existing resources constructively coping very useful in overcoming stress.
5. Maintain a trusting relationship between nurse and patient.
Rationale : The relationship of mutual trust help the therapeutic process.
6. Assess the factors that cause anxiety.
Rationale : Appropriate action is necessary to address the problems faced by clients and build trust in reducing anxiety.
7. Aids patients recognize and acknowledge a sense of anxiety.
Rationale : Anxiety is an emotion that effect when they are well identified, disturbing feelings be known.